A drilling machine is a mechanism which creates holes ( usually called boreholes) and/or shafts in the earth . Drilling rigs may massive structures housing equipment employed to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells or they may be of small size to be moved manually by one person . They sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, earth and groundwater physical features , and also may be used to install sub-surface fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile fittings placed on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-based structures ( like oil platforms, usually called ‘offshore oil rigs’ even if they don’t contain a drilling rig).

An oil rig on shore would seem to be easier build then one on the ocean. However each drilling machine has the parts to operate with. There is always some hurdle to get over or deal with. Rough terrain and isolated locations are common issues . Drilling rigs at one point were semi-permanent. The structures were made on location and were not removed when the well was drilled. Modern oil rigs are custom-made and are removable . They can be moved from a completed well to a new well. It may take weeks to move an oil rig as they should be taken apart and moved. It takes some time but is less wasteful then building derricks for each well.

Drilling rigs can be:

Small and removable , such as those employed in mineral exploration drilling, water wells and environmental researches .

Big, capable of drilling through thousands of meters of the Earth’s crust.

A drilling rig is used to drill holes for oil. Oil rigs need to cut holes or tubes into the ground . Then oilfield fittings are used to remove the black gold. nowadays oil drilling rigs is very technical and complex. The more evasive oil is the more effort is put into harvesting it. Deeper oil wells are drilled using more specialized equipment . More advanced technology is required to reach the oil. Having drilling rig does not only drilling a hole and a well and pumping the oil out. Oil rigs demand housing for the employees and place for supplies and equipment. A oil field site will need electricity and water to run the equipment. A space to process the crude oil is helpful .

The previous drilling rig included drill bits attached to long poles made of bamboo. The first drill well was in China in 347 AD. The oil was used to assist create salt. Drilling rigs now consist of huge drills with diamond bits that get deeper than 1200 m below the surface . Usually , the traveling block in an drilling rig on land deal with hundreds of tons of pipe. Massive pipelines move black gold across spacious amounts of soil . As demand for oil enlarged so did the methods to extract it.

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A borehole is the common term for each narrow shaft drilled in the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be made for many different purposes , containing the extraction of water or certain liquid or gases (such as natural gas), as part of a geotechnical investigation or environmental site assessment, for mineral exploration , or as a pilot hole for setting up piers or underground utilities. Boreholes used as water wells are described in more depth in that article. Boreholes may be drilled with the help of a drilling rig, or by a hand-operated rig. The machinery and technique to upgrade a borehole differs considerably depending upon the producer , geological conditions, and the intended purpose .

Water wells

A water borehole can be dug, driven or drilled. To dig a water well, the ground must be quite soft to dig and the water table shallow enough to avoid collapse of the soft walls. Soil can be hauled up by bucket supported with a tripod. Metals rings and braces are placed against the walls to stop collapse throughout excavation.

Driven wells are made by pounding the top of a pipe with a weight. The structure has three pieces . A rotary bit, or drive point, attached to the bottom of a short pipe gyrates as it is pounded from above. The short pipe may have a screen over perforations, so that water can flow in when the aquifer level is reached . The short pipe’s diameter at the top is tapered, therefore the well pipe can fit onto it. A rod of narrower diameter, named a guide rod, adjusts inside the two pipes. It is weighted from the top , and drops down onto the rotary bit.

Another way is to jet water through a narrow pipe into the bottom of the gap , where a wide drill bit has loosened soil to be transported back up through the wider channel on the outside of the pipe. This is called a jetted well.

An alternative of the jetted well is to use a percussion bit to loosen earth , while pouring in water. When the resulting paste is too thick to allow the bit to solidly hit soil , the percussion bit is put up and a bailer is lowered in, to move the liquid.

Drilling requires a drilling rig, which are usually mounted on trucks. Drill bits can be alternated between rotatory and percussion type . A rotatory auger bit may be needed close to the surface to lift out soft earth .

The price of a borehole can be significantly affected by the applied design as well as the difficulty to make a borehole in a specific geological formation. Many times people want to save on costs and therefore they will budget for the drilling of a borehole, but not for the casing of a complete hole .

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